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What Ocean Is Home to the Us Territory of Guam?

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This commodity is about the U.Southward. territory. For the international organization, see GUAM.

Territory of the United States

Coordinates: 13°30′Due north 144°48′E  /  13.500°Northward 144.800°East  / thirteen.500; 144.800

Unincorporated and organized U.Due south. territory in the United States

Guam

Guåhan

Unincorporated and organized U.S. territory

Flag of Guam
Flag

Official seal of Guam
Seal
Nickname(due south):

Tånó y CHamoru (Chamorro) (English: "Land of the CHamoru")
Motto:

Tånó I' Man CHamoru (Chamorro)
(English: "Country of the CHamorus")
Anthem: "Stand Ye Guamanians"
Location of Guam

Location of Guam (circled in red)
Sovereign state United States
Before annexation Spanish East Indies
Cession from Spain April eleven, 1899
Capital Hagåtña
Largest city Dededo
Official languages
  • English
  • Chamorro
Indigenous groups

(2010)[1]

  • 49.3% Pacific Islander
  • 36.vi% Asian
  • ix.4% Multiracial
  • vii.one% White
  • 0.6% Other
Religion

(2010)[ii]

  • 94.1% Christianity
  • ane.seven% No religion
  • 1.5% Folk religions
  • one.one% Buddhism
  • 1.6% Other
Demonym(s) Guamanian
Government Devolved presidential ramble dependency inside a Federal republic

• President

Joe Biden (D)

• Governor

Lou Leon Guerrero (D)

• Lieutenant Governor

Josh Tenorio (D)
Legislature Legislature of Guam
U.s. Congress

• House delegate

 Michael San Nicolas (D)
Area

• Total

 540 km2 (210 sq mi)
Highest pinnacle 407 thousand (one,334 ft)
Population

• 2021 estimate

 168,801[1] (177th)

• Density

 299/km2 (774.4/sq mi)
GDP(PPP) 2016 estimate

• Total

 $5.79 billion[one]

• Per capita

 $35,600[1]
Gross domestic product(nominal) 2019 estimate

• Full

 United states of america$half dozen.311 billion[3]

• Per capita

 $37,387.22
HDI(2017) Increase 0.901
very high
Currency Usa dollar (Us$) (USD)
Fourth dimension zone UTC+10:00 (ChST)
Date format mm/dd/yyyy
Driving side right
Calling code +one-671
USPS abbreviation

GU
ISO 3166 code
  • GU
  • U.s.a.-GU
Internet TLD .gu

Guam (; Chamorro: Guåhan [ˈɡʷɑhɑn]) is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United states in the Micronesia subregion of the western Pacific Bounding main.[4] [5] It is the westernmost point and territory of the Us (reckoned from the geographic center of the U.S.); in Oceania, information technology is the largest and southernmost of the Mariana Islands and the largest island in Federated states of micronesia. Guam's capital is Hagåtña, and the most populous hamlet is Dededo.

People born on Guam are American citizens but accept no vote in the United States presidential elections while residing on Guam and Guam delegates to the Us House of Representatives take no vote on the floor. Indigenous Guamanians are the Chamoru, historically known as the Chamorro, who are related to the Austronesian peoples of Indonesia, the Philippines, Taiwan, Federated states of micronesia, and Polynesia. As of 2021, Guam'south population is 168,801. Chamoros are the largest ethnic grouping, simply a minority on the multi-ethnic isle. The territory spans 210 square miles (540 km2; 130,000 acres) and has a population density of 775 per foursquare mile (299/km2).

The Chamoro people settled the island approximately 3,500 years agone. Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, while in the service of Spain, was the kickoff European to visit the island on March six, 1521. Guam was colonized by Spain in 1668. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, Guam was an important stopover for the Castilian Manila Galleons. During the Spanish–American War, the U.s. captured Guam on June 21, 1898. Under the Treaty of Paris, signed December 10, 1898, Espana ceded Guam to the U.S. constructive April xi, 1899.

Before World War Two, Guam was i of five American jurisdictions in the Pacific Body of water, forth with Wake Island in Micronesia, American Samoa and Hawaii in Polynesia, and the Philippines. On Dec eight, 1941, hours later on the assail on Pearl Harbor, Guam was captured past the Japanese, who occupied the isle for two and a one-half years. During the occupation, Guamanians were subjected to forced labor, incarceration, torture and execution.[6] [7] [8] American forces recaptured the island on July 21, 1944, which is commemorated every bit Liberation Day.[nine] Since the 1960s, Guam'south economy has been supported primarily by tourism and the U.S. military, for which Guam is a major strategic asset.[10]

An unofficial but frequently used territorial motto is "Where America's Day Begins", which refers to the island's proximity to the International Date Line.[xi] [12] Guam is amongst the 17 non-self-governing territories listed by the United Nations, and has been a member of the Pacific Customs since 1983.[13]

History [edit]

Pre-Contact era [edit]

Guam, along with the Mariana Islands, were the first islands settled by humans in Remote Oceania. Incidentally information technology is also the first and the longest of the body of water-crossing voyages of the Austronesian peoples, and is separate from the later Polynesian settlement of the rest of Remote Oceania. They were first settled effectually 1500 to 1400 BC by migrants departing from the Philippines. This was followed by a second migration from the Caroline Islands by the first millennium Advertizing, and a third migration from Island Southeast Asia (likely the Philippines or eastern Indonesia) by 900 Advert.[fourteen] [15]

These original settlers of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands evolved into the Chamoru people, historically known as Chamorros afterwards commencement contact with the Spaniards.[xvi] : 16 The ancient Chamoru society had four classes: chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper course), achaot (heart form), and mana'chang (lower class).[xvi] : twenty–21 The matua were located in the coastal villages, which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds, whereas the mana'chang were located in the island's interior. Matua and mana'chang rarely communicated with each other, and matua oftentimes used achaot as intermediaries. There were likewise " makÃ¥hna " or " kakahna ", shamans with magical powers and "' suruhÃ¥nu " or " suruhÃ¥na ", healers who used different kinds of plants and natural materials to make medicine. Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorus called " Taotao mo'na " still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture. It is believed that " suruhÃ¥nu " or " suruhÃ¥na " are the merely ones who can safely harvest plants and other natural materials from their homes or " hÃ¥lomtÃ¥no " without incurring the wrath of the " Taotao mo'na ." Their society was organized along matrilineal clans.[sixteen] : 21

The Chamoru people raised colonnades of megalithic capped pillars called latte stones upon which they built their homes. Latte stones are stone pillars that are found only in the Mariana Islands; they are a recent development in Pre-Contact Chamoru social club. The latte-stone was used every bit a foundation on which thatched huts were built.[16] : 26 Latte stones consist of a base shaped from limestone called the haligi and with a capstone, or tÃ¥sa , fabricated either from a big encephalon coral or limestone, placed on top.[xvi] : 27–28 A possible source for these stones, the Rota Latte Stone Quarry, was discovered in 1925 on Rota.[16] : 28

Castilian era [edit]

The beginning European to travel to Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the King of Spain, when he sighted the isle on March half dozen, 1521, during his armada's circumnavigation of the globe.[16] : 41–42 Despite Magellan'due south visit, Guam was not officially claimed by Espana until January 26, 1565, by Miguel López de Legazpi.[16] : 46 From 1565 to 1815, Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, the only Spanish outposts in the Pacific Sea east of the Philippines, were reprovisioning stops for the Manila galleons, a fleet that covered the Pacific merchandise route betwixt Acapulco and Manila.[xvi] : 51

Spanish colonization commenced on June 15, 1668, with the arrival of a mission led by Diego Luis de San Vitores, who established the first Cosmic church building.[16] : 64 The islands were function of the Spanish East Indies, and in turn function of the Viceroyalty of New Kingdom of spain, based in Mexico City.[xvi] : 68 The Spanish-Chamorro Wars on Guam began in 1670 over growing tensions with the Jesuit mission, with the last large-scale uprising in 1683. Intermittent warfare, plus the typhoons of 1671 and 1693, and in particular the smallpox epidemic of 1688, reduced the Chamoru population from fifty,000 to x,000, finally to less than v,000.[16] : 86

The island became a residue stop for whalers starting in 1823.[16] : 145 A devastating draft struck the island on August 10, 1848, followed by a severe convulsion on Jan 25, 1849, which resulted in many refugees from the Caroline Islands, victims of the resultant seismic sea wave.[16] : 151 After a smallpox epidemic killed 3,644 Guamanians in 1856, Carolinians and Japanese were permitted to settle in the Marianas.[16] : 157

American era [edit]

Primary street of Hagåtña, ca. 1899-1900

After well-nigh iv centuries as part of the Kingdom of Kingdom of spain, the United states of america occupied the isle following Espana's defeat in 1898 Spanish–American War, as part of the Treaty of Paris of 1898. Guam was transferred to the Usa Navy command on December 23, 1898, by Executive Gild 108-A from 25th President William McKinley.

Guam was a station for American merchants and warships traveling to and from the Philippines (some other American acquisition from Espana) while the Northern Mariana Islands were sold by Kingdom of spain to Germany for part of its apace expanding German Empire. A U.South. Navy yard was established at Piti in 1899, and a United states of america Marine Corps barracks at Sumay in 1901.[17] : 13 A marine seaplane unit was stationed in Sumay from 1921 to 1930, the first in the Pacific.[17] : 13 The Commercial Pacific Cablevision Company built a telegraph/telephone station in 1903 for the first trans-Pacific communications cablevision, followed by Pan American World Airways established a seaplane base at Sumay for its trans-Pacific Communist china Clipper route.[17] : xv

Earth War II [edit]

During World War 2, Guam was attacked and invaded by Japan on Mon, December eight, 1941, at the aforementioned time as the set on on Pearl Harbor, across the International Engagement Line. The Japanese renamed Guam ÅŒmiya-jima (Great Shrine Island). The Japanese occupation of Guam lasted for approximately 31 months. During this period, the indigenous people of Guam were subjected to forced labor, family separation, incarceration, execution, concentration camps, and forced prostitution. Approximately 1,000 people died during the occupation, according to later Congressional committee testimony in 2004. Some historians estimate that state of war violence killed 10% of Guam's and then 20,000 population.[eighteen] The United States returned and fought the Boxing of Guam from July 21 to August 10, 1944, to recapture the island from Japanese military occupation. July 21 is at present historic every bit Liberation Mean solar day, a territorial holiday.

Postal service-war [edit]

Afterward Globe War Ii, the Guam Organic Act of 1950 established Guam as an unincorporated organized territory of the United States, provided for the structure of the island's noncombatant authorities, and granted the people U.S. citizenship. The Governor of Guam was federally appointed until 1968 when the Guam Elective Governor Act provided for the office's popular election.[19] : 242 Since Guam is non a U.S. state, U.S. citizens residing on Guam are not allowed to vote for president and their congressional representative is a non-voting member.[x] They practise, however, get to vote for party delegates in presidential primaries.[20] In 1969, a referendum on unification with the Northern Mariana Islands was held and rejected.[21] During the 1970s, Dr. Maryly Van Leer Peck started an engineering program, expanded Academy of Guam, and founded Guam Community College.[17] : 17

The removal of Guam's security clearance past President John F. Kennedy in 1963 allowed for the development of a tourism manufacture. When the United States closed U.S. Naval Base of operations Subic Bay and Clark Air Base of operations bases in the Philippines after the expiration of their leases in the early on 1990s, many of the forces stationed there were relocated to Guam.[ citation needed ]

The 1997 Asian financial crisis, which hit Nihon particularly hard, severely affected Guam's tourism manufacture. Military cutbacks in the 1990s likewise disrupted the island's economy. Economic recovery was farther hampered by devastation from Supertyphoons Paka in 1997 and Pongsona in 2002, also as the furnishings of the September 11 terrorist attacks on tourism.[ citation needed ]

Geography and environment [edit]

Guam is 30 miles (l kilometers) long and four to 12 miles (6 to xix kilometers) wide, giving it an area of 212 square miles (549 square kilometers) (three-fourths the size of Singapore) and making it the 32nd largest island of the United states of america. It is the southernmost and largest island in the Mariana Island archipelago, too equally the largest in Federated states of micronesia.[22] Guam's Point Udall is the westernmost bespeak of the U.South., as measured from the geographic eye of the United States.[23] [24]

The Mariana concatenation of which Guam is a part was created past collision of the Pacific and Philippine Sea tectonic plates, with Guam located on the micro Mariana Plate betwixt the two. Guam is the closest land mass to the Mariana Trench, the deep subduction zone that runs east of the Marianas. Volcanic eruptions established the base of the island in the Eocene, roughly 56 to 33.9 one thousand thousand years agone. The northward of Guam is a result of this base being covered with layers of coral reef, turning into limestone, then being thrust upwardly by tectonic activeness to create a plateau. The rugged south of the isle is a result of more recent volcanic action. Cocos Island off the southern tip of Guam is the largest of the many pocket-sized islets along the coastline. Guam's highest point is Mount Lamlam at 1,334 feet (407 meters) in a higher place body of water level.[25] If its base is considered to be nearby Challenger Deep, the deepest surveyed point in the Oceans, Mount Lamlam is the world's highest mountain at 37,820 feet (11,530 g).[26] [27]

Politically, Guam is divided into 19 villages. The bulk of the population lives on the coralline limestone plateaus of the northward, with political and economical activity centered in the central and northern regions. The rugged geography of the south largely limits settlement to rural coastal areas. The western coast is leeward of the trade winds and is the location of Apra Harbor, the capital Hagåtña, and the tourist eye of Tumon. The U.S. Defense Department owns about 29% of the island,[28] nether the management of Joint Region Marianas.

Climate [edit]

Guam has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen Af), though its driest month of March virtually averages dry plenty to qualify every bit a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen Am). The weather is by and large hot and humid throughout the year with niggling seasonal temperature variation. Hence, Guam is known to have equable temperatures year-round. Trade winds are fairly abiding throughout the year, but there is oftentimes a weak westerly monsoon influence in summer. Guam has ii distinct seasons: Wet and dry season. The dry season runs from January through May and June being the transitional period. The wet season runs from July through November with an average almanac rainfall between 1981 and 2010 of around 98 inches or 2,490 millimeters. The wettest calendar month on record at Guam Aerodrome has been August 1997 with 38.49 inches (977.6 mm) and the driest was February 2015 with 0.15 inches (3.8 mm). The wettest calendar year has been 1976 with 131.70 inches (3,345.2 mm) and the driest was in 1998 with 57.88 inches (ane,470.2 mm). The nearly rainfall in a single twenty-four hours occurred on October 15, 1953, when 15.48 inches or 393.2 millimeters savage.

The mean high temperature is 86 °F or 30 °C and mean depression is 76 °F (24.4 °C). Temperatures rarely exceed 90 °F (32.2 °C) or autumn beneath 70 °F (21.1 °C). The relative humidity commonly exceeds 84 pct at night throughout the yr, but the average monthly humidity hovers near 66 percent. The highest temperature ever recorded in Guam was 96 °F (35.half dozen °C) on April eighteen, 1971, and April 1, 1990.[29] A record low of 69 °F (21 °C) was set on February 1, 2021,[30] while the everyman recorded temperature was 65 °F (xviii.3 °C), set on February 8, 1973.

Guam lies in the path of typhoons[31] and it is mutual for the island to be threatened by tropical storms and possible typhoons during the wet flavour. The highest take a chance of typhoons is from August through November, where typhoons and tropical storms are most likely in the western Pacific. They can, yet, occur year-round. Typhoons that take acquired major damage on Guam in the American period include the Typhoon of 1900, Karen (1962), Pamela (1976), Paka (1997), and Pongsona (2002).

Since Typhoon Pamela in 1976, wooden structures have been largely replaced by concrete structures.[32] [33] During the 1980s, wooden utility poles began to exist replaced by draft-resistant concrete and steel poles. After the local Regime enforced stricter construction codes, many habitation and business organization owners congenital their structures out of reinforced physical with installed draft shutters.

Climate data for Guam International Airport (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1945–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Yr
Tape loftier °F (°C) 94
(34) 		93
(34) 		93
(34) 		96
(36) 		94
(34) 		95
(35) 		95
(35) 		94
(34) 		94
(34) 		93
(34) 		92
(33) 		91
(33) 		96
(36)
Average high °F (°C) 85.7
(29.8) 		85.7
(29.eight) 		86.7
(30.4) 		87.9
(31.1) 		88.5
(31.4) 		88.v
(31.four) 		87.7
(30.9) 		87.0
(30.six) 		87.0
(30.6) 		87.2
(xxx.7) 		87.4
(30.8) 		86.6
(xxx.three) 		87.2
(30.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 80.3
(26.8) 		80.1
(26.seven) 		81.0
(27.two) 		82.3
(27.9) 		83.0
(28.3) 		83.one
(28.4) 		82.2
(27.9) 		81.5
(27.5) 		81.5
(27.v) 		81.7
(27.6) 		82.ii
(27.9) 		81.6
(27.half dozen) 		81.seven
(27.6)
Average low °F (°C) 75.0
(23.9) 		74.6
(23.7) 		75.4
(24.1) 		76.7
(24.8) 		77.5
(25.three) 		77.7
(25.iv) 		76.8
(24.ix) 		76.1
(24.5) 		76.0
(24.iv) 		76.three
(24.6) 		77.0
(25.0) 		76.v
(24.7) 		76.3
(24.6)
Record low °F (°C) 66
(nineteen) 		65
(18) 		66
(nineteen) 		68
(20) 		70
(21) 		lxx
(21) 		70
(21) 		lxx
(21) 		70
(21) 		67
(xix) 		68
(twenty) 		68
(20) 		65
(18)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 5.34
(136) 		iv.15
(105) 		2.77
(lxx) 		3.fifty
(89) 		4.45
(113) 		half-dozen.51
(165) 		12.25
(311) 		17.66
(449) 		fifteen.17
(385) 		12.73
(323) 		eight.29
(211) 		5.thirty
(135) 		98.12
(2,492)
Average atmospheric precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 20.1 18.0 18.3 18.ix nineteen.7 23.2 26.0 25.9 25.1 25.4 23.9 22.vii 267.2
Average relative humidity (%) 83.7 81.9 83.i 82.0 82.7 82.vii 87.3 88.7 88.eight 88.3 86.six 83.0 84.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 176.0 173.7 216.iv 214.0 219.9 193.8 156.1 142.2 132.7 132.6 135.0 143.4 2,035.8
Pct possible sunshine 50 53 58 57 56 l 39 37 36 36 39 41 46
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[34] [35] [36]

Ecology [edit]

Guam has experienced severe impacts from invasive species upon the natural biodiversity of the isle. These include the local extinction of endemic bird species after the introduction of the brown tree serpent, an infestation of the Asiatic rhino beetle destroying coconut palms, and the upshot of introduced feral mammals and amphibians.

Wildfires plague the forested areas of Guam every dry out flavor despite the island's humid climate. Most fires are caused past humans with 80% resulting from arson.[37] Poachers often kickoff fires to attract deer to the new growth. Invasive grass species that rely on fire as role of their natural life cycle grow in many regularly burned areas. Grasslands and "barrens" have replaced previously forested areas leading to greater soil erosion. During the rainy season, sediment is carried by the heavy rains into the Fena Lake Reservoir and Ugum River, leading to water quality problems for southern Guam. Eroded silt besides destroys the marine life in reefs around the isle. Soil stabilization efforts past volunteers and forestry workers (planting trees) take had little success in preserving natural habitats.[38]

The introduction of the brown tree snake nigh eradicated the native bird population

Efforts have been made to protect Guam's coral reef habitats from pollution, eroded silt and overfishing, issues that accept led to decreased fish populations. This has both ecological and economical value, every bit Guam is a significant holiday spot for scuba divers, and i written report constitute that Guam's reefs are worth $127 million per year.[39] In recent years, the Department of Agriculture, Sectionalisation of Aquatic and Wild fauna Resources has established several new marine preserves where fish populations are monitored by biologists.[40] These are located at Pati Point, Piti Bomb Holes, Sasa Bay, Achang Reef Flat, and Tumon Bay.[41] Before adopting U.Due south. Environmental Protection Agency standards, portions of Tumon Bay were dredged by the hotel chains to provide a better experience for hotel guests.[42] [43] Tumon Bay has since been made into a preserve. A federal Guam National Wildlife Refuge in northern Guam protects the decimated sea turtle population in add-on to a small colony of Mariana fruit bats.[44]

Harvest of ocean turtle eggs was a common occurrence on Guam before World War Two. The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) was harvested legally on Guam before August 1978, when information technology was listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The hawksbill ocean turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) has been on the endangered listing since 1970. In an effort to ensure the protection of bounding main turtles on Guam, routine sightings are counted during aerial surveys and nest sites are recorded and monitored for hatchlings.

Demographics [edit]

Historical population
Demography Pop. %±
1910 xi,806 —
1920 thirteen,275 12.iv%
1930 18,509 39.4%
1940 22,290 20.iv%
1950 59,498 166.nine%
1960 67,044 12.7%
1970 84,996 26.eight%
1980 105,979 24.7%
1990 133,152 25.half dozen%
2000 154,805 16.iii%
2010 159,358 2.9%
2020 153,835 −3.5%

According to the 2010 United States Census, the largest indigenous grouping are the native Chamorus, accounting for 37.iii% of the full population. Asians (including Filipinos, Koreans, Chinese, and Japanese) account for 33% of the total population. Other ethnic groups of Federated states of micronesia (including those of Chuukese, Palauan, and Pohnpeians) accounts for 10% of the total population. 9.4% of the population are multiracial (two or more races). White Americans account for vii.1% of the total population. The estimated interracial marriage charge per unit is over 40%.[1]

The official languages of the isle are English language and Chamoru. Filipino is too a common language across the island. Other Pacific island languages and many Asian languages are spoken in Guam as well. Castilian, the language of assistants for 300 years, is no longer commonly spoken on the island, although vestiges of the language remain in proper names, loanwords, and place names and it is studied at academy and loftier schools.[ citation needed ]

The most common religion is Catholicism. According to the Pew Inquiry Center, the religious denominations constitute of the post-obit, in 2010:[45]

  • Roman Catholicism: 75%
  • Protestantism: 17.7%
  • Other religions: 1.6%
  • Folk religions: one.5%
  • Other Christianity: i.4%
  • Buddhism: 1.ane%
  • Eastern Orthodoxy: <1%
  • Hinduism: <1%
  • Islam: <1%
  • Judaism: <one%

Culture [edit]

The culture of Guam is a reflection of traditional Chamoru customs in combination with American, Spanish and Mexican traditions.[46] Mail-European-contact Chamoru Guamanian culture is a combination of American, Castilian, Filipino, other Micronesian Islander and Mexican traditions. Few indigenous pre-Hispanic customs remained post-obit Spanish contact. Hispanic influences are manifested in the local language, music, trip the light fantastic toe, sea navigation, cuisine, line-fishing, games (such as batu , chonka , estuleks , and bayogu ), songs, and fashion.[ citation needed ] The island's original community is of Chamorro natives who take inhabited Guam for almost 4000 years.[47] They had their ain language related to the languages of Indonesia and southeast Asia. The Spanish later called them Chamorros, a derivative of the word Chamorri is "noble race"). They began to abound rice on the island.[48]

Historically, the native people of Guam venerated the basic of their ancestors, keeping the skulls in their houses in pocket-sized baskets, and practicing incantations before them when it was desired to reach certain objects.[49] During Spanish dominion (1668–1898) the majority of the population was converted to Catholicism and religious festivities such as Easter and Christmas became widespread. Many Chamorus have Spanish surnames, although few of the inhabitants are themselves descended from the Spaniards. Instead, Spanish names and surnames became commonplace later on their conversion to Catholicism and the imposition of the Catálogo alfabético de apellidos in Guam.[ commendation needed ] Historically, the diet of the native inhabitants of Guam consisted of fish, fowl, rice, breadfruit, taro, yams, bananas, and coconuts used in a diversity of dishes.[50] Mail-contact Chamoru cuisine is largely based on corn, and includes tortillas, tamales, atole, and chilaquiles, which are a articulate influence from Mesoamerica, principally Mexico, from Spanish trade with Asia.[ citation needed ]

Due to foreign cultural influence from Spain, most aspects of the early indigenous culture have been lost, though there has been a resurgence in preserving any remaining pre-Hispanic culture in the final few decades. Some scholars accept traveled throughout the Pacific Islands conducting research to study what the original Chamoru cultural practices such as dance, linguistic communication, and canoe edifice may accept been similar.[ citation needed ]

Sports [edit]

Guam'southward nigh popular sport is American football, followed by basketball game and baseball respectively. Soccer and other sports are likewise somewhat popular.[51] Guam hosted the Pacific Games in 1975 and 1999. At the 2007 Games, Guam finished 7th of 22 countries in the medal count, and 14th at the 2011 Games.

Guam men's national basketball game squad and the women's team are traditional powerhouses in the Oceania region, backside the Australia men'south national basketball team and the New Zealand national basketball squad. As of 2019[update], the men's team is the reigning champion of the Pacific Games Basketball Tournament. Guam is home to various basketball organizations, including the Guam Basketball Association.[52] [53]

The Guam national football team was founded in 1975 and joined FIFA in 1996. It was in one case considered ane of FIFA'south weakest teams, and experienced their kickoff victory over a FIFA-registered side in 2009. Guam hosted qualifying games on the island for the first time in 2015 and, in 2018, clinched their first FIFA Earth Loving cup Qualifying win.[54] The Guam national rugby union team played its first match in 2005 and has never qualified for a Rugby World Cup.[ commendation needed ]

Economy [edit]

Beaches at the tourist center of Tumon

A proportional representation of Guam exports, 2019

Guam's economy depends primarily on tourism, Section of Defence installations and locally endemic businesses. Under the provisions of a special police force past Congress, it is Guam'due south treasury rather than the U.S. treasury that receives the federal income taxes paid by local taxpayers (including military and civilian federal employees assigned to Guam).[55]

Tourism [edit]

Lying in the western Pacific, Guam is a pop destination for Japanese tourists. Its tourist hub, Tumon, features over 20 big hotels, a Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, Pleasance Island district, indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows and other shopping and entertainment venues. It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii, with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per twelvemonth. Although 75% of the tourists are Japanese, Guam also receives a sizable number of tourists from South korea, the U.S., the Philippines, and Taiwan.[56] Significant sources of revenue include duty-free designer shopping outlets, and the American-mode malls: Micronesia Mall, Guam Premier Outlets, the Agana Shopping Center, and the world's largest Kmart.[57]

The economy had been stable since 2000 due to increased tourism.[ citation needed ] It was expected to stabilize with the transfer of U.S. Marine Corps' tertiary Marine Expeditionary Force, currently[ inconsistent ] in Okinawa, Japan (approximately eight,000 Marines, along with their 10,000 dependents), to Guam between 2010 and 2015. However, the movement was delayed until belatedly 2020, the number of marines decreased to v,000, and expected to be complete in 2025.[58] In 2003, Guam had a 14% unemployment rate, and the authorities suffered a $314 million shortfall.[59] Equally of 2019 the unemployment charge per unit had dropped to vi.1%. By September 2020, still, the unemployment rate had risen again to 17.9%.[lx]

The Compacts of Free Association between the United States, the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall islands, and the Democracy of Palau accorded the former entities of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands a political status of "free association" with the U.s.a.. The Compacts give citizens of these isle nations by and large no restrictions to reside in the The states (also its territories), and many were attracted to Guam due to its proximity, environmental, and cultural familiarity. Over the years, it was claimed by some in Guam that the territory has had to bear the brunt of this understanding in the class of public help programs and public education for those from the regions involved, and the federal regime should compensate the states and territories affected by this blazon of migration.[ citation needed ] Over the years, Congress had appropriated "Compact Impact" aids to Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and Hawaii, and eventually this appropriation was written into each renewed Compact. Some, however, continue to claim the compensation is not enough or that the distribution of bodily compensation received is significantly disproportionate.[ citation needed ]

Every bit of 2008[update] Guam's largest single private sector employer, with well-nigh 1,400 jobs, was Continental Micronesia, a subsidiary of Continental Airlines;[61] it is now a part of United Airlines, a subsidiary of Chicago-based United Airlines Holdings, Inc.[62] Equally of 2008[update] the Continental Micronesia annual payroll in Guam was $90 million.[63]

Military machine bases [edit]

Map of U.South. military lands on Guam, 2010

Currently, Articulation Region Marianas maintains jurisdiction over installations which comprehend approximately 39,000 acres (16,000 ha), or 29% of the island's full state expanse. These include:

  • U.S. Naval Base Guam, U.S. Navy (Santa Rita), comprising the Orote Peninsula, additional lands, and with jurisdiction of the majority of Apra Harbor
  • Andersen Air Strength Base, U.S. Air Force (Yigo), including Northwest Field
  • Marine Corps Base Camp Blaz, U.South. Marine Corps (Dededo)
  • Ordnance Addendum, U.S. Navy – Southward Cardinal Highlands (formerly known equally Naval Mag)
  • Naval Computer and Telecommunications Station Guam, U.S. Navy (Dededo), sometimes referred to "NCTS Finegayan"
  • Naval Radio Station Barrigada (Barrigada), often referred to as "Radio Barrigada"
  • Joint Region Marianas Headquarters (Asan), at Nimitz Hill Annex
  • Naval Hospital Guam (Agana Heights)
  • South Finegayan (Dededo), a military housing complex
  • Andersen South (Yigo), formerly Marine Barracks Guam until its closure in 1992
  • Fort Juan Muña, Guam National Baby-sit (Tamuning)

The U.S. armed forces proposed building a new aircraft carrier berth on Guam and moving eight,600 Marines, and 9,000 of their dependents, to Guam from Okinawa, Nihon. Including the required construction workers, this buildup would increment Guam's population by a total of 79,000, a 49% increase over its 2010 population of 160,000. In a Feb 2010 letter, the United States Environmental Protection Bureau sharply criticized these plans because of a water shortfall, sewage problems and the affect on coral reefs.[64] Equally of 2022, the Marine Corps has decided to place five,000 Marines on the isle within the start half of the 2020s, with 1300 already stationed on the base. [65]

Government and politics [edit]

Guam is governed by a popularly elected governor and a unicameral xv-member legislature, whose members are known as senators. Its judiciary is overseen past the Supreme Court of Guam.

The Commune Court of Guam is the courtroom of United States federal jurisdiction in the territory. Guam elects one delegate to the United States House of Representatives, currently Democrat Michael San Nicolas. The delegate does non accept a vote on the concluding passage of legislation, but is accorded a vote in committee, and the privilege to speak to the Business firm. U.S. citizens in Guam vote in a presidential straw poll for their selection in the U.S. presidential general ballot, just since Guam has no votes in the Balloter College, the poll has no real effect. Even so, in sending delegates to the Republican and Democratic national conventions, Guam does accept influence in the national presidential race. These delegates are elected by local party conventions.[ten]

Political condition [edit]

In the 1980s and early 1990s, there was a meaning movement in favor of this U.Southward. territory becoming a commonwealth, which would give information technology a level of self-government similar to Puerto Rico and the Northern Mariana Islands.[55] In a 1982 plebiscite, voters indicated interest in seeking commonwealth condition.[66] Nonetheless, the federal government rejected the version of a commonwealth that the government of Guam proposed, because its clauses were incompatible with the Territorial Clause (Art. IV, Sec. 3, cl. 2) of the U.Due south. Constitution. Other movements advocate U.S. statehood for Guam, matrimony with the land of Hawaii, or wedlock with the Northern Mariana Islands as a single territory, or independence.[67]

A Commission on Decolonization was established in 1997 to educate the people of Guam nigh the various political status options in its relationship with the U.Due south.: statehood, complimentary clan and independence. The island has been considering another non-binding referendum on decolonization since 1998, however, the grouping was dormant for some years. In 2013, the commission began seeking funding to get-go a public education campaign. There were few subsequent developments until late 2016. In early Dec 2016, the Committee scheduled a series of instruction sessions in diverse villages virtually the current status of Guam'due south relationship with the U.S. and the self-determination options that might be considered.[68] The commission's current executive manager is Edward Alvarez and there are x members. The grouping is too expected to release position papers on independence and statehood simply the contents accept not notwithstanding been completed.[67]

The United Nations is in favor of greater self-determination for Guam and other such territories. The Un's Special Committee on Decolonization has agreed to endorse the Governor's education programme. The commission'southward May 2016 written report states: "With academics from the University of Guam, [the Commission] was working to create and approve educational materials. The Office of the Governor was collaborating closely with the Committee" in developing educational materials for the public.[69]

The U.s.a. Department of the Interior had approved a $300,000 grant for decolonization pedagogy, Edward Alvarez told the United Nations Pacific Regional Seminar in May 2016. "We are hopeful that this might indicate a shift in [United States] policy to its Non-Cocky-Governing Territories such every bit Guam, where they volition be more willing to engage in discussions about our future and offer true support to assistance push u.s. towards truthful self-governances and self-decision."[70]

On July 31, 2020, the Authorities of Guam joined the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO).[71] [72]

Villages [edit]

Guam is divided into xix municipal villages:

  • Agana Heights
  • Asan‑Maina
  • Barrigada
  • Chalan Pago‑Ordot
  • Dededo
  • HÃ¥gat
  • HagÃ¥tña
  • HumÃ¥tak
  • InalÃ¥han
  • Malesso
  • Mangilao
  • Mongmong‑Toto‑Maite
  • Piti
  • SÃ¥nta Rita-Sumai
  • Sinajana
  • Talo'fo'fo
  • Tamuning
  • Yigo
  • Yona

Transportation and communications [edit]

Guam Highway viii route marker

Near of the island has land-of-the-art mobile phone services and high-speed net widely available through either cablevision or DSL. Guam was added to the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) in 1997 (state lawmaking 671 became NANP area code 671),[73] removing the barrier of high-cost international long-distance calls to the U.South. mainland.

Guam is also a major hub for submarine cables between the Western U.S., Hawaii, Australia and Asia. Guam currently serves twelve submarine cables, with well-nigh continuing to Mainland china. In 2012 Slate stated that the isle has "tremendous bandwidth" and internet prices comparable to those of the U.South. Mainland due to being at the junction of undersea cables.[74]

In 1899, the local postage stamps were overprinted "Guam" equally was done for the other onetime Castilian colonies, but this was discontinued before long thereafter and regular U.Southward. postage stamps take been used ever since. Considering Guam is besides part of the U.Due south. Postal System (postal abbreviation: GU, Null lawmaking range: 96910–96932), mail service to Guam from the U.S. mainland is considered domestic and no additional charges are required. Private shipping companies, such as FedEx, UPS, and DHL, notwithstanding, take no obligation to do then, and do not regard Guam equally domestic.

The speed of mail service traveling between Guam and us varies depending on size and time of year. Low-cal, offset-class items generally take less than a week to or from the mainland, but larger first-class or Priority items tin accept a week or two. Fourth-class mail, such as magazines, are transported by body of water later on reaching Hawaii. Nearly residents use post office boxes or private mail service boxes, although residential delivery is becoming increasingly bachelor. Incoming mail non from the Americas should exist addressed to "Guam" instead of "Us" to avert being routed the long fashion through the U.S. mainland and possibly charged a higher rate (especially from Asia).

The Port of Guam is the island'southward lifeline because nigh products must exist shipped into Guam for consumers. It receives the weekly calls of the Hawaii-based shipping line Matson, Inc. whose container ships connect Guam with Honolulu, Hawaii, Los Angeles, California, Oakland, California and Seattle, Washington. The port is also the regional transhipment hub for over 500,000 customers throughout the Micronesian region. The port is the aircraft and receiving point for containers designated for the island's U.South. Department of Defense installations, Andersen Air Strength Base of operations and Commander, Naval Forces Marianas and eventually the Third Marine Expeditionary Force.

Guam is served past the Antonio B. Won Pat International Aerodrome. The isle is exterior the United States customs zone,[75] so Guam is responsible for establishing and operating its own customs and quarantine bureau and jurisdiction.[76] [77] [78] [79] Therefore, the U.S. Customs and Border Protection only carries out immigration (but not customs) functions. Since Guam is under federal immigration jurisdiction, passengers arriving directly from the United States skip immigration and go along directly to Guam Customs and Quarantine.

All the same, due to the Guam and CNMI visa waiver program for certain countries, an eligibility pre-clearance check is carried on Guam for flights to the States. For travel from the Northern Mariana Islands to Guam, a pre-flight passport and visa check is performed before boarding the flight to Guam. On flights from Guam to the Northern Mariana Islands, no clearing check is performed. Traveling between Guam and u.s. through a strange point, withal, does require a passport.

Most residents travel within Guam using personally owned vehicles. The Guam Regional Transit Authority provides fixed road autobus and paratransit services, and some commercial companies operate buses betwixt tourist-frequented locations.

Education [edit]

Guam Public Library System operates the Nieves M. Flores Memorial Library in Hagåtña and five branch libraries.[eighty]

The Guam Department of Pedagogy serves the entire island of Guam. In 2000, 32,000 students attended Guam's public schools, including 26 elementary schools, eight middle schools, and 6 high schools and culling schools. Guam Public Schools have struggled with bug such as high dropout rates and poor test scores.[81] [82] Guam's educational system has always faced unique challenges as a modest community located 6,000 miles (9,700 km) from the U.S. mainland with a very various student body including many students who come from backgrounds without traditional American education.[83] An economic downturn in Guam since the mid-1990s has compounded the problems in schools.[84]

Earlier September 1997, the U.S. Department of Defense partnered with Guam Board of Instruction.[85] In September 1997, the Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA) opened its ain schools for children of military personnel.[86] DoDEA schools, which too serve children of some federal civilian employees, had an attendance of two,500 in 2000. DoDEA Guam operates 3 elementary/middle schools and 1 high school.[87]

The University of Guam (UOG) and Guam Community Higher, both fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, offer courses in higher didactics.[88] UOG is a member of the exclusive grouping of only 106 country-grant institutions in the unabridged United States. Pacific Islands University is a small Christian liberal arts institution nationally accredited by the Transnational Clan of Christian Colleges and Schools.

Wellness care [edit]

The Government of Guam maintains the isle's main health intendance facility, Guam Memorial Hospital, in Tamuning.[89] U.South. lath certified doctors and dentists practice in all specialties. In addition, the U.Southward. Naval Hospital in Agana Heights serves active-duty members and dependents of the military community.[xc] There is one subscriber-based air ambulance located on the island, CareJet, which provides emergency patient transportation across Guam and surrounding islands.[91] A private hospital, the Guam Regional Medical Urban center, opened its doors in early 2016.[92]Medicaid is accepted in Guam.[93]

Run across also [edit]

  • 51st land
  • Index of Guam-related articles
  • Lists of hospitals in the United States#Insular areas
  • List of people from Guam
  • Outline of Guam
  • Voting in Guam

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  93. ^ "Medicaid site".

Further reading [edit]

  • Maga, Timothy P. Defending Paradise: The United States and Guam, 1898–1950 (Garland, 1988).
  • Rogers, Robert F. Destiny's Landfall: A History of Guam (U of Hawaii Press, 1995).
  • Spear, Jane E. "Guamanian Americans." Gale Encyclopedia of Multicultural America, edited past Thomas Riggs, (3rd ed., vol. 2, Gale, 2014), pp. 263–273. online

External links [edit]

marmonandre1975.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guam

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